And anti-Semitic state policies “continued right up to the collapse of the USSR,” with the notorious “fifth line” in passports used to restrict or exclude entirely Jews from enrolling in many educational institutions and pursuing various careers. And it was Soviet “anti-Zionist propaganda” that encouraged “both official and popular anti-Semitism” in the Soviet Union. In general, the Russian writer says, “anti-Semitism flourishes where it is supported by state propaganda and corresponding laws,” published or unpublished. That was true in the Russian Empire; it was true in the Soviet Union; but Moscow’s claims to the contrary, the Ukrainian state is not promoting it and it is not strong or widespread. “As soon as Soviet anti-Semitism ended,” she writes, “Jewish life in Ukraine began to flourish.” There are between 100,000 and 250,000 Jews in Ukraine now, and they “enjoy all the rights and play an important role in the political life of the country” – one of their number is now prime minister – and in all other spheres of Ukrainian life.“While the UPA was fighting with the Soviet regime, the Soviet Union itself was conducting an anti-Semitic policy” not only during the period when Stalin was Hitler’s ally but in the late 1940s and early 1950s when only the dictator’s death saved the Jews of the USSR from “possible mass deportation.”

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