“History repeats itself" is a popular phrase. There is a lesser-known, but more accurate phrase attributed to Mark Twain, that says “History doesn’t repeat, but it rhymes.” In Russia’s assault on Ukraine, there are historical rhymes to pre-World War II Europe, and the world is once again failing to adequately respond to the threat.
The West did not stop Hitler in 1938
In 1938, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi army seized a portion of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. Home to a large ethnic German population who primarily spoke the German language, Hitler and his supporters considered this region to be rightfully a part of Germany. The seizure was part of Hitler’s attempt to expand German influence and power. He was ashamed of Germany’s defeat in the first World War and wanted to right the wrong. Ultimately, he desired to create what he saw as a third German empire - the first being Charlemagne’s Frankish Empire, the second being the German Empire under the Prussian dynasty, and the third, of course, being the Nazi regime, or Third Reich.Related: Stalin’s NKVD and Hitler’s Gestapo cooperated closely even before Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
The West could have stopped Hitler right then and there in 1938, but they didn’t want confrontation. America considered the invasion Europe’s problem, but European opposition to the seizure was quelled when Hitler threatened to unleash war unless the territory was surrendered to Germany. Europe didn’t want war, so in exchange for a pledge of peace, European leaders gave in to Hitler’s demands. Of course, Hitler’s territorial desires didn’t stop there, and within months he had invaded and conquered more of Czechoslovakia. Still, the consensus was that leaders were willing to sacrifice Czechoslovakia to the Nazis in exchange for what they called “peace.” The notion was preposterous. The effort at avoidance was futile. Appeasement allowed the Nazi war machine to grow stronger. What ultimately followed was the most destructive war in human history and the largest case of industrial scale mass murder that the world has ever seen.The same story repeats in 2022

Related: Putin says Russia ‘ruled by God’ and presents Russians as victims of Holocaust (2018)
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Same mistakes made

Freedom and democracy are not the inevitable result of an impersonal process. They are values, and values must be affirmed and reaffirmed, again and again.
Joshua Daniel Hershfield holds a Master's degree in Holocaust Studies. He was an Azrieli Foundation Scholar and is a recipient of the Bela Zarhi Prize. Twitter: @josh_hershfield
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