Zelenskyy’s first Normandy and the illusion of progress

As President Zelenskyy traveled to Paris to participate in the first Normandy meeting in three years, a crowd of protesters camped out in front of the President's Office back in Kyiv and meticulously tracked his every step. Organized by the grassroots "Capitulation Resistance Movement," the goal of the protest was to warn the Ukrainian president against crossing "red lines," meaning not giving in to Russian demands at the talks where the fate of the Donbas conflict would be discussed. "Red lines" were the topic of a rally in central Kyiv organized by opposition parties held the previous day. Whether President Zelenskyy could capitulate to Russia in Donbas, where a Russian-engineered conflict is dragging into its sixth year, was a topic for arguments after his election in 2019. The ex-comic actor's electoral promise to quickly end the conflict in eastern Ukraine, where the death toll has rolled over 14,000, made many suspect that the price of a quick peace would be the betrayal of Ukraine's long-term state interests. Yet, after the press conference of German Chancellor Angela Merkel, French President Emmanuel Macron, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, and Russian President Vladimir Putin following the 10-hour meeting in Paris, of which an hour was spent on the bilateral meeting of Zelenskyy and Putin, the "Capitulation Resistance Movement" announced they were temporarily halting the protests: no red lines were crossed and no capitulation had happened, at least for now. Zelenskyy's first meeting in the Normandy group had resulted in some modest agreements but had made no breakthroughs in the Donbas peace process. Namely, the communique of the meeting includes the following points:

1. a recognition that the Minsk agreements (Minsk Protocol of 5 September 2014, Minsk Memorandum of 19 September 2014 and the Minsk Package of Measures of 12 February 2015) are the basis of the work of the Normandy group;
2. a plan to establish a ceasefire by the end of 2019 and a mine clearance plan, new crossing points between the occupied Donbas and free Ukraine, three more disengagement zones in addition to the ones in Petrivske, Stanytsia Luhanska, and Zolote;
3. an agreement to exchange prisoners by the end of the year, starting with "all identified for all identified" and granting international organizations, including the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), full and unconditional access to all detained persons;
4. the sides "expressed interest" in agreeing on all the legal aspects of the so-called "special status" of occupied Donbas (otherwise called Separate Regions of the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts, or ORDLO in Ukrainian) "in order to ensure its functioning on a permanent basis";
5. a decision to incorporate the "Steinmeier formula" into the Ukrainian legislation.

At the press conference after the meeting, Zelenskyy and Merkel said that it was agreed that the OSCE would start working 24/7, up from the present 12 days a week. However, this is not clearly stated in the communique. Speaking to journalists after the press conference, Zelenskyy clarified that the prisoners in question are 72 prisoners in Donbas, not Ukrainian political prisoners held in mainland Russia and occupied Crimea. Zelenskyy said he wanted to combine the categories, but "it's very difficult."

Zelenskyy names Ukraine's red lines; Putin names Russia's goals

Perhaps spurred by nationwide "No to Capitulation" protests, the participants of which since 1 October had been warning Zelenskyy against crossing "red lines" in his Donbas peace quest, Zelenskyy clearly stated a few of them at the press conference:

1. No federalization for Ukraine;
2. No external influence on the course of Ukraine's development - i.e. no rejection of the EU-NATO course;
3. No deals to "exchange" occupied Crimea for peace in Donbas - Ukraine's territorial integrity is inviolable.

As well, Zelenskyy stressed that he and the Russian president clashed on the issue of when local elections will be held in occupied Donbas. Zelenskyy voiced the previous Ukrainian position of "security first" and insisted Ukraine should control the Russian-Ukrainian border when elections happen. He even proposed changing the text of Minsk-2, which currently states that Ukraine gains control over the border after elections - a suggestion supported by Angela Merkel. Putin, however, rejected that possibility and, like Russia did many years before, insisted on the verbatim reading of Minsk-2. When asked by Hromadske journalist Nataliya Gumeniuk why Russia is so opposed to Ukraine's control over its border, he answered “Why unstitch Minsk? If we unstitch it, all the rest will fall apart.”

• Read also: Ukrainians rallying in Kyiv to warn Zelenskyy not to cross red lines at talks with Putin
• Ukrainian and Russian positions at Normandy Four talks in Paris

Essentially, Zelenskyy managed to stay clear of the "red lines" voiced by opposition parties prior to the Normandy meeting. And when Putin took the floor, he voiced Russia's "red lines" - which are, essentially, Russia's goals for the conflict:

• Putin stressed that the document adopted at the meeting confirmed there is no alternative to a "rigorous and consistent" implementation of Minsk-2 (in fact, it did not);
• As well, he stated that de-escalation measures such as the disengagement of troops have to be synchronized with the political measures of Minsk-2 - namely, Ukraine permanently enshrining a "special status" for occupied Donbas in its Constitution and making its temporary law on the "special status" of Donbas permanent.
• Also, he noted that the sides had reached an agreement on incorporating the "Steinmeier Formula" into Ukrainian law. This controversial formula outlines that the law on the "special status" of Donbas will come into permanent force after the OSCE will determine the local elections in occupied Donbas to have been held in accordance with democratic standards. However, it says nothing about when the elections will be held - before or after Ukraine gains control over the border, whether there will be a transitional period, etc.

The leaked emails of Putin's advisor Vladislav Surkov leave no doubt that the text of Minsk-2 was crafted to reach these goals, and Ukrainians seem to intuitively grasp this. An opinion poll by the DIF held prior to the Normandy summit revealed that Ukrainians overwhelmingly reject these positions pushed by the Kremlin. 62% of Ukrainians want the territory of occupied Donbas to return to Ukraine with the same status as before, and 53.2% believe that enshrining a "special status" for Donbas in the Ukrainian Constitution is unacceptable. And only 20.2% believed that local elections in occupied Donbas could be held ASAP without any preconditions such as Ukraine gaining control over the territory.

A flexible Minsk?

Zelenskyy's proposal to change the text of Minsk-2, and Merkel's restrained support of the proposal, is highly important. Minsk-2 is impossible for Ukraine to implement without capitulating to Russian interests. Moreover,

Minsk-2 is the result of Russia's hijacking of Poroshenko's initial peace plan - a document with the potential of quickly ending the conflict in Donbas - with the help of invasions, massacres, and blackmail of EU leaders. Moreover, contrary to all logic, Minsk-2, which is supposed to be a "package of measures to implement Minsk-1," contradicts this initial document.

How this happened is examined in detail in the Euromaidan Press report "Leaked Kremlin emails show Minsk protocol designed as path to Ukraine’s capitulation." In short, initiatives for rapid conflict resolution such as de-occupation of state buildings, resumption of Ukrainian broadcasting in the occupied region, and joint patrolling of the occupied territory were tossed out the window after Ukraine signed Minsk-1 in September 2014 amid a Russian invasion and massacre of Ukrainian troops at the battle for Ilovaisk. A new position was added - a temporary law on the "special status" of occupied Donbas. But, importantly, Minsk-1 still contains Poroshenko's initial proposal to, first of all, establish a buffer zone on the Ukrainian-Russian border. This proposal pinpointed the main reason for the war in Donbas - Russian troops and weapons seeping into eastern Ukraine. However, the Russian-led militants in Donbas did not stop shooting and Russia did not stop invading; moreover, there are accounts of Vladimir Putin threatening EU leaders with a full-blown war if his demands were not met. The Minsk-2 protocol was signed amid this military pressure on Ukraine and moral pressure on EU leaders. The buffer zone on the Ukrainian-Russian border was replaced by a buffer zone on the contact line between free Ukraine and occupied Donbas. The temporary law on the "special status" of occupied Donbas in Minsk-1 became permanent and Donbas was also to get a mention in the Ukrainian Constitution. Local elections were to be held before Russian troops are withdrawn and before Ukraine gained control of its territory. There is, therefore, little wonder that Putin insists on a "rigorous and consistent" implementation of Minsk-2. During the presidency of Petro Poroshenko, Ukraine managed to avoid this "rigorous" implementation: the projected law to change the Ukrainian Constitution contained only a fleeting reference to occupied Donbas, stating that their regime was defined by a separate "special status" law; and this "special status law" was temporary, with its prolongation depending on a vote in parliament. Perhaps it is because of Poroshenko's unwillingness to be "rigorous and consistent" in Ukraine's concessions to Russia that the Minsk process entered a stalemate. Zelenskyy's proposal to change the text of Minsk-2 to make it less detrimental to Ukraine's state interests is, therefore, an important development that can potentially make Minsk a workable solution for the conflict in Donbas. However, it is unlikely that Russia will accept such changes as they will go against its goals of politically subverting Ukraine. That a permanent status for its zone of chaos in Donbas will be Russia's pressure point for Ukraine in the near future was apparent from the outcome of the Normandy meeting. Its final communique states the sides "expressed interest" in ensuring that Ukraine's temporary "special status" law becomes permanent. However, the English version of the communique on the site of the Ukrainian president is different. The words "in order to ensure its functioning on a permanent basis," are replaced by "to ensure its continued operation," suggesting that this point of the communique was argued over. Evidence for this is provided by Aleksei Chesnakov, director of the Center for current policy and, as the Surkov Leaks revealed, one of the crucial analysts helping Surkov with waging hybrid war against Ukraine. Chesnakov, who was present at the Normandy meeting along with other Kremlin officials, helpfully informed in a facebook post that the reason for Surkov's reported anger during the negotiations in Paris was Ukraine's insistence to remove to point with the "permanent basis" for the law from the final version of the communique. Chesnakov boasted that Russia had forced Ukraine to keep the "permanent basis" point by threatening to withdraw from the negotiations.

The bottom line

The Normandy meeting outcomes can be seen as mildly pro-Russian. Russia had signed no obligation to remove its troops from Ukrainian territory or implement any other security measures. Although there is a requirement of a ceasefire, Russia is under no obligation to enforce it; like before, it can say that the "separatists" of Donbas have their own mind regarding ceasefires. On the other hand, Ukraine is one step closer to a permanent status for Russia's proxy "republics." Russia is still positioned as a peacemaker instead of a party to the conflict. The goals of the Ukraine and Russia in the Minsk process remain fundamentally different. Ukraine wants to resolve the conflict and reintegrate Donbas; Russia wants to make the conflict permanent, and thus insists on a verbatim implementation of Minsk-2, which will enable this outcome. There is no solution to this conflict of goals, and that is why we should not have high expectations for the Minsk process ending the war anytime soon, if at all. Nevertheless, short-term achievements such as the prisoner swap carry relief for the direct victims of war and are, without doubt, a positive development - if they come with no strings attached.

Read more:

• Ukrainian and Russian positions at Normandy Four talks in Paris
• The real problem with “Steinmeier’s formula” and the Russo-Ukrainian war
• Ukrainian opposition to "Steinmeier formula" capitulation is nationwide
• Can Zelenskyy “stop the war in Donbas” and how will the Steinmeier formula affect Ukraine? An FAQ
• Protests against Steinmeier’s formula spread in Ukraine, “movement against capitulation” founded
• Protests against “Steinmeier’s formula” gather largest crowd since Euromaidan